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I-1. What are the two main functions of the Large Intestine?

Answer: Controlling passage and conduction and transforming stools and reabsorbing fluids.

대장(大腸)의 두 가지 주요(主要) 공능(功能)?

() 통강(通腔) 및 전도(傳導), 화물(化物)조박(糟粕) 수액흡수(水液吸收)

 

I-2. What are the three most common ways the Large Intestine can be directly invaded by exterior Cold and Damp from the environment?

Answer: Exposure over a prolonged period of time, inadequate clothing in cold/damp weather and sitting on cold/damp ground.

대장(大腸) 외부환경의 외감(外感) 한사(寒邪) 습사(濕邪) 의하여 침습(侵襲) 받는 가지 보편적(普遍的) 방법(方法)?

() 한습(寒濕) 날씨에 오랜 시간(時間) 노출(露出), 한습(寒濕) 날씨에 부적당(不適當) 의복(衣服), 한습(寒濕) 바닥에 오래 앉아있는 .

 

I-3. Which three emotions can adversely affect the Large Intestine, and what effect do they have on Large Intestine-Qi?

Answer: Sadness (depletes Lung- and Large Intestine-Qi), worry (depletes Lung-Qi, causing stagnation in Large Intestine) and anger (stagnates Qi).

대장(大腸) ()으로 영향(影響) 주는 가지 정지(情志) 어떤 것이며, 대장(大腸) 무슨 효과(效果) 미치는가?   

() 슬픔 (폐기(肺氣) 대장(大腸) () 소진(消盡)시킨다), 근심 (대장(大腸) () 소모(消耗)시켜 대장(大腸) 기체(氣滯) 유발한다), 성냄 (() 조체(阻滯)시킨다)

 

I-4. What is the pathology of diarrhoea in the pattern Damp-Heat in the Large Intestine?

Answer: Retention of Dampness in the Large Intestine prevents its function of absorbing fluids and excreting stools, hence fluids are not absorbed and diarrhoea results.

대장습열(大腸濕熱)()에서의 설사(泄瀉) 병리(病理)?

() 대장(大腸) () 조체(阻滯) 수액(水液) 흡수(吸收) 배변(排便) 공능(功能) 방해(妨害)하며, 따라서 수액(水液) 흡수(吸收)되지 않아서 설사(泄瀉) 된다.    

 

I-5. Complete the following: ‘Heat in the Large Intestine is an ______ pattern with ____ ____ and _______.’

Answer: ‘Heat in the Large Intestine is an Excess pattern with Full-Heat and Dryness.’

다음을 완성(完成)하시오. 대장열(大腸熱)() _______ ________ 결합된 _______()이다.

() 대장열(大腸熱)() 실열(實熱) 조사(燥邪) 결합된 실증(實證)이다.

 

I-6. How does the pattern Heat obstructing the Large Intestine differ from Heat in the Large Intestine, given that both are interior patterns with Full-Heat?

Answer: Heat obstructing the Large Intestine is an acute pattern that appears during febrile diseases and is always characterized by fever.

대장열폐색(大腸熱閉塞)() 대장열(大腸熱)() 모두 이실열증(裏實熱證)인데 어떻게 다른가?

() 대장열폐색(大腸熱閉塞)() 열병(熱病) () 나타나는 급성(急性) 병증(病證)이고, 항상 발열(發熱) 있는 특징(特徵) 있다.

 

I-7. What is the quality of the pain associated with the pattern Cold invading the Large Intestine? Explain the pathology of this pain.

Answer: The pain is severe and cramping in quality as the Cold contracts and causes cramps and spasms.

한사범대장(寒邪犯大腸)() 관련된 통증(痛症) ()?

() 한사(寒邪)가 수인응체(收引凝滯)하여 (근육의) 경련(痙攣)을 유발하므로 통증(痛症)은 심()하고 (근육이) 당기는 통증(痛症)이다.

 

I-8. What is the most characteristic symptom of Qi stagnation in the Large Intestine?

Answer: Qi stagnation is characterized by distension, so in this case, abdominal distension.

대장기체(大腸氣滯)() 가장 특징적(特徵的) 증상(症狀)?

() 기체(氣滯) 팽창(膨脹) 특징(特徵)이므로 경우, 복창(腹脹) 특징(特徵)이다.

 

I-9. With which pattern is Large Intestine dry nearly always associated?

Answer: Stomach Yin deficiency.

어떠한 병증(病證) 대장건조(大腸乾燥) 항상 연관(聯關) 있는가?

() 위음허(胃陰虛)()

 

I-10. How does the pattern Large Intestine cold differ from Cold invading the Large Intestine?

Answer: Large Intestine cold is characterized by Empty-Cold and is a chronic condition. Cold invading the Large Intestine is an acute condition characterized by Full-Cold.

대장한(大腸寒)() 한사범대장(寒邪犯大腸)() 어떻게 다른가?

() 대장한(大腸寒)() 허한증(虛寒證)이고 만성(慢性) 질환이다. 한사범대장(寒邪犯大腸)() 실한증(實寒證) 급성(急性) 질환이다.

 

I-11. Which two pathologies of Qi characterize the pattern collapse of the Large Intestine?

Answer: Qi deficiency (Spleen, Stomach and Large Intestine) and Qi sinking (Spleen).

대장허탈(大腸虛脫)() 특징(特徵)하는 () 가지 병리(病理)?

() 기허(氣虛) (() () 대장(大腸)) 기함(氣陷) (())